Computer-Certification Articles
Cisco Ccna Ccnp Tutorial Home Lab Assembly Case Study
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 847)
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Part of your CCNA / CCNP education is deciding what network topology to use when you're putting together your home lab. Some of you are starting with one or two routers or switches, while others are starting with more. A customer recently sent me a list of his Cisco routers and switches that he has available for a home lab and asked for my help in coming up with the best way to use them.
There is no "right" or "wrong" answer to this question; again, part of the learning process is configuring and reconfiguring the physical topology of your lab. Let's look at the routers and switches he has available, including the interfaces on each, and come up with one possible CCNA / CCNP home lab setup.
The equipment list:
Two 3620 routers. Each has 1 serial port and 2 ethernet ports.
One 3640 router. This has two ethernet cards, each with two ports, and two AUI ports.
Three 2503s, my personal favorite for home labs! These have 1 AUI port, 2 serial interfaces, and one BRI interface apiece.
One 2524 router. This has one serial port, 1 ethernet port, and one BRI interface.
One 4500 router. This has eight BRI ports, 2 ethernet ports, and more importantly, four serial ports.
He also has a 5200 access server, an ISDN simulator, one 2924 switch, and one 1924 switch.
Now, if you don't have this much equipment to work with, don't panic! Most CCNA / CCNP candidates don't; this is more of an exercise in looking at what you do have and using it to the utmost.
As I've mentioned in many of my CCNA / CCNP home lab articles, an access server is a great thing to have. All he needs is an octal cable to connect his AS to the other devices we choose to use, and he's all set. (If you need an access server sample configuration, there is one on my website in the Home Lab section.)
A frame relay switch is also great to have, and the 4500 will make a great FR switch. Having a frame relay cloud in your CCNA / CCNP home lab is a great way to get experience configuring and troubleshooting frame relay, an essential skill for CCNA success.
I would put both of the 3620s on the frame relay cloud via the Serial interface, as well as two of the 2503s. That gives you four routers that will be using frame relay to communicate, and that's the most we can have since the 4500 has four serial ports. The 4500 will need to be configured as a frame relay switch and connected to the other routers via a DTE/DCE cable. (Again, if you need a frame relay switch configuration, the one I use in my pods is on the website in the same place as the access server configuration.)
The two 2503s that are on the frame relay cloud should also be connected via their BRI interfaces. The home lab also includes an ISDN simulator, which is necessary to allow routers to communicate via their BRI interfaces. Just get a couple of straight-through cables to connect those two routers to the ISDN simulator and that segment is ready to go. (Remember that you can't connect Cisco routers directly via their BRI interfaces.)
All of the routers in this lab have at least one ethernet or AUI port, so we can connect them all to either one of the switches. The switches should be connected via at least two crossover cables to allow practice with trunking, root bridge election, and VLANs. Having two switches really does add quite a bit to a CCNA / CCNP home lab's capabilities. You can experiment with different subnets and vlans with as well. Don't be afraid to dive in - that's what a home lab is all about!
So now we've got four routers connected via frame relay, two via ISDN, and the others via ethernet segments. Two of the routers that are not using their serial interfaces should be connected directly via their serial ports. For this, you'll just need another DTE/DCE cable. Knowing how to bring up the line between two directly connected serial ports is an important CCNA skill, and so is troubleshooting it. You should be able to bring such a connection up with your eyes closed, and once you work with your own CCNA / CCNP home lab, you'll be able to!
Also, don't forget to add a loopback interface to each one of your routers. I like to use 1.1.1.1 for R1, 2.2.2.2 for R2, and so on. Advertising loopbacks is another great way to get practice with RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IGRP, and static routing.
We've taken a pile of routers and switches and turned them into a fantastic CCNA / CCNP home lab. Whether you're working with two Cisco devices or ten, coming up with your own home lab topology is a great learning experience and the beginning of developing your analytical and troubleshooting skills.
How To Become A Cisco Vpn Specialist
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 330)
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There's quite an emphasis on security in today's networks, and that's reflected in Cisco's certification tracks. Cisco offers a CCIE Security track and the Cisco Certified Security Professional (CCSP) intermediate-level certification, but there is no real equivalent to the CCNA on the security side. Instead, Cisco offers several different Security Associate certifications.
The good news is that you've got a lot of security specializations from which to choose; the bad news is that you've got a lot of choices! In choosing a specialization, take some time to choose a certification that will be of practical use to you in your current position or in your "dream job".
One of the more popular Security Associate certifications is the Cisco VPN Specialist certification. This two-exam track consists of a Securing Cisco Network Devices (SND, 642-551) exam and a Cisco Secure Virtual Private Networks (CSVPN, 642-511) exam. To earn the Cisco VPN Specialist exam, you must hold a valid CCNA certification.
What should you expect on these exams? On the SND exam, expect to be grilled on basic security features on both switches and routers, as well as VPN 3000 concentrators, PIXes, and IDS/IPS Sensors. You'll need to be ready to configure and troubleshoot basic AAA configurations, access-lists, syslog, AutoSecure, and much more. You should also be solid with IPSec.
IPSec will also be part of your CSVPN exam. As you'd expect, you'll also be expected to be quite good with the VPN 3000 Concentrator series, including browser configuration, creating users and group, the Windows VPN Software Client, and more.
This is a demanding certification that is an excellent addition to your resume and your skill set. For the latest on this and other Cisco certifications, you should regularly visit the Learning & Events section of Cisco's website. As a Cisco certification candidate, it's your responsibility to stay current of any additions and changes to Cisco's certification paths - and it's good for your career!
Cisco Ccna Certification Exam Tutorial Rip Details You Must Know
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 465)
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RIP isn't exactly the most complex routing protocol on the CCNA exam, but that makes it easy to overlook some of the important details you must keep in mind in order to pass the exam! To help you review for the exam, here are just a few of those details!
RIP's default behavior is to send version 1 updates, but to accept both version 1 and 2 routing updates.
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#net 172.16.0.0
R2(config-router)#^Z
R2#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 6 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Serial0 1 1 2
By default, RIP v2 autosummarizes routing updates sent across classful network boundaries. To disable this behavior, run no auto-summary under the RIP process.
R1#conf t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
You do not specify a subnet mask or wildcard mask when configuring RIP - just the classful network, even if you're running RIP v2.
R1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
R1(config-router)#network 172.10.0.0 ?
Debug ip rip displays the routing updates and metrics as the advertisements are sent and requested. To see this in action without waiting for the next regularly scheduled update, run clear ip route *.
R1#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
R1#clear ip route *
01:16:54: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Loopback1 (1.1.1.1)
01:16:54: network 2.0.0.0, metric 2
01:16:54: network 3.0.0.0, metric 2
01:16:54: network 172.16.0.0, metric 1
01:16:54: network 10.0.0.0, metric 2
01:16:54: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0 (172.16.123.1)
01:16:54: subnet 172.16.123.0, metric 1
01:16:54: network 1.0.0.0, metric 1
01:16:54: network 2.0.0.0, metric 2
01:16:54: network 3.0.0.0, metric 2
01:16:54: network 10.0.0.0, metric 2
To see only the routes discovered by a routing protocol, run show ip route followed by the name of the protocol:
R1#show ip route rip
R 2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 172.16.123.2, 00:00:26, Serial0
R 3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 172.16.13.2, 00:00:09, Serial1
[120/1] via 172.16.123.3, 00:00:09, Serial0
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 172.16.13.2, 00:00:09, Serial1
[120/1] via 172.16.123.3, 00:00:09, Serial0
[120/1] via 172.16.123.2, 00:00:26, Serial0
And don't forget - to turn off all currently running debugs, run undebug all.
R1#undebug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
Don't overlook RIP and IGRP when it comes to the CCNA exam. OSPF and EIGRP are more complex to configure, but you need to understand how distance vector protocols work in order to pass the CCNA!
How To Buy A Computer The Basics
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 659)
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RAM (Random Access Memory):
Memory is one of the key components of a computer which is measured in megabytes. Note that 1000 MB is equal to 1 gigabyte (GB). So the more megabytes you have the better your computer works. Most computers today come with a minimum of 512 MB (about half a gigabyte) of RAM. You should try for 1 GB and more because your computer will run that much faster. Not that Windows Vista and Mac OS X Leopard operating systems require 1 GB for good performance and 2 GB to run at top speed.
Recommendation: I suggest buying at least 1 GB (1,000 MB). Remember that Windows Vista and Mac Leopard are memory hungry so I advise buying as much RAM as you can afford. Memory is the crutch of making a computer run like it should.
Insider's tip: Buy the minimum amount of memory and then purchase extra memory components called "sticks" from a site such as www.datamemorysystems.com/. This can save you up to a couple hundred dollars.
Buyer Beware: It is not uncommon for low end computers ($300 to $600) to come with low amounts of RAM. Make sure to check on the ability of your computer as it should be able to handle 4 GB.
Central Processing Unit (the brains):
The CPU handles all the calculations of the computer. For the average user, CPU speed is not as important of a gauge as it used to be. The common computer user will not need to worry about cpu speed as much as a gamer or multimedia user.
CPUs are made by either Intel or AMD and both companies have great product options. Intel controls most of the market share and costs more than AMD.
Recommendation: CPUs come in two forms: 32 bit and 64 bit. I suggest the 32-bit processors because the 64-bit processors have a lot of problems working with software programs.
Dual Core processors are all the rage right now. What's Dual core? This means that your computer has two CPUs which give the user twice the computing power. Dual core is a must for high end computer users.
Hard Drive: the storage unit
All of your personal data such as your documents, digital photos, music, and software programs are stored on the hard drive which are available in many sizes and speeds. Hard drive Storage is measured in gigabytes and computers usually come with at least 80 GB of storage.
Insider's tip: Computers can be configured with two hard drives.
Option 1: Two drives giving which can double your storage.
Option 2: One hard drive keeps an exact copy of the other drive. So if you have a hard drive fail it is not a big deal because you can run off the other drive
Recommendation: You are best getting a 120 GB drive with a speed of 5400 rpm.
Video Chipsets: graphics eye candy1
Windows Vista and Mac OS X Leopard are the new operating systems that require a lot of fancy 3-D animation that requires better graphics hardware.
You have two choices when choosing video chipsets:
1.An integrated or built in Video card right into the motherboard of the computer. If you are an average computer user than this option should work just fine.
2.ATI and NVIDIA offer video cards that produce much better graphics and can handle Windows Vista and Mac Leopard with ease. Cards by these two companies are your only option if you on gaming.
Recommendation: Check out these websites www.nvidia.com and ati.amd.com. A good rule of thumb is that the higher the model number-the better the video card.
Recommendation: Look for an Intel GMA3100 (model #) or better with the higher numbers being more advanced.
Now that you have mastered the basics of how to buy a computer, it's time for you to make some decisions. Don't worry, we are here to help!
Cisco Ccnp Bsci Exam Tutorial 10 Isis Details You Must Know
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 280)
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Earning your CCNP certification and passing the BSCI exam depends on knowing the details of many Cisco technologies, ISIS chief among them. To help you prepare for exam success, here's a list of ISIS terminology and basic concepts that will help you pass this tough exam. Enjoy!
ISIS Terms:
Domain: section of the network under common administrative control
Area: logical segment of the network composed of contiguous routers and their data links
Intermediate System: A router.
End System: A host device.
The four levels of ISIS routing:
Level 0: ES-IS routing in the same subnet.
Level 1: IS-IS routing in the same area.
Level 2: IS-IS routing in the same domain.
Level 3: Inter-domain routing performed by InterDomain Routing Protocol (IDRP).
ISIS Adjacency Possibilities:
L1: Can form adjacency with any L1 in the same area and any L1/L2 in the same area.
L2: Can form adjacency with any L2 in any area, and with an L1/L2 in any area.
L1/L2: Can form adjacency with any L1 in the same area, L1/L2 in any area, and L2 in any area.
A router interface's SNPA (Subnetwork Point Of Attachment) is its highest DLCI number if it's on a Frame network, and its MAC address if the interface is on an Ethernet segment.
ISIS Hello Types:
ESH: ES Hello - Sent by End Systems to discover a router.
ISH: IS Hello - Send by Intermediate Systems to announce their presence. End Systems listen for these.
IIH: IS-to-IS Hello - Send by one IS to be heard by another IS. These hellos makes IS-IS adjacencies possible.
Best of luck on your CCNP exams!
Cisco Ccnp Bsci Exam Tutorial A Guide To Ipv6 Addressing
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 496)
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Learning IPv6 is paramount in your efforts to pass the BSCI exam and go on to earn your CCNP, and it's going to help in your real-world networking career as well. IPv6 can be confusing at first, but it's like anything else in Cisco or networking as a whole - learn one part at a time, master the fundamentals, and you're on your way to success. In today's article we're going to take a look at IPv6 address types.
In IPv4, a unicast address is simply an address used to represent a single host, where multicast addresses represent a group of hosts and broadcasts represent all hosts.
In IPv6, it's not quite that simple. There are actually different types of unicast addresses, each with its own separate function. This allows IPv6 to get data where it's supposed to go quicker than IPv4 while conserving router resources.
IPv6 offers two kinds of local addresses, link-local and site-local. Site-local addresses allow devices in the same organization, or site, to exchange data. Site-local addresses are IPv6's equivalent to IPv4's private address classes, since hosts using them are able to communicate with each other throughout the organization, but these addresses cannot be used to reach Internet hosts.
Site-local and link-local addresses are actually derived from a host's MAC address. Therefore, if HostA has HostB's IPv6 address, HostA can determine HostB's MAC address from that, making ARP unnecessary.
Link-local addresses have a smaller scope than site-local. Link-local addresses are just that, local to a physical link. These particular addresses are not used at all in forwarding data. One use for these addresses is Neighbor Discovery, which is IPv6's answer to ARP.
You can identify these and other IPv6 addresses by their initial bits:
001 - Global address
(first 96 bits set to zero) - IPv4-compatible address
1111 1111 - Multicast
1111 1110 11 - Site local
1111 1110 10 - Link Local
As a future CCNP, you're more than familiar with the reserved IPv4 address classes. You also know that they're not exactly contiguous. The developers of IPv6 took a structured approach to IPv6 reserved addresses - any address that begins with "0000 0000? is an IPv6 reserved address. One of these is the IPv6 loopback address, and this will give you some practice with your zero compression!
IP v6 Loopback: 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
Using Leading Zero Compression Only: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Combining Leading Zero and Zero Compression: ::1
Zero compression looks pretty good now, doesn't it? You just have to get used to it and keep the rules in mind. You can use all the leading zero compression you want, but zero compression ("double-colon") can only be used once in a single address.
IPv6 is here to stay, not only on your BSCI and CCNP exams, but in the real world as well. Learning it now will not only aid you in passing your Cisco exams, but in supporting IPv6 in the future.
Cisco Ccna Ccnp Home Lab Why You Need An Isdn Simulator
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 436)
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ISDN is a vital topic for today's CCNA and CCNP candidates, especially for the ICND and Intro exams - you've got to know ISDN inside and out to pass those exams. Naturally you want to include it in your home lab. What many candidates don't realize is that you can't connect two Cisco routers directly via their Basic Rate Interface (BRI) interfaces you've got to have another device between them called an ISDN simulator.
An ISDN simulator is not one of those software programs pretending to be routers ("router simulators") this is a piece of hardware that acts as the telephone company in your home lab. Older simulators come with preprogrammed phone numbers and SPIDs, where newer ones let you program the phone numbers you want to use. Either way, an ISDN simulator is great for your CCNA/CCNP home lab, because you can practice dial scenarios that actually work. And you get to troubleshoot the ones that don't, which is also important to learn! )
You don't need any special cables or connectors you just connect both of your routers' BRI interfaces to the ISDN simulator with a straight-through cable and you're ready to go.
In years past, this was a major problem for 640-801, 811, and 821 studies, because the simulators used to be so expensive. New ones can still be pricey ($600 and up), but with the sudden influx of used ISDN simulators on ebay and Cisco resellers, you can get a used one that will do the job for you.
Why are there suddenly so many ISDN simulators on the market? Cisco recently removed ISDN from the CCIE R&S exam, so a lot of CCIE rack resellers as well as private individuals are selling their simulators. There's never been a better time to add ISDN to your home lab. If taken care of (kept out of extreme heat), they can last for quite a few years. The one I purchased for my IE home lab is still working well.
If you choose to purchase a new simulator, you can run a Google search to find vendors. I've made two purchases from www.vconsole.com over the last few years and both of those simulators have worked beautifully.
As I said earlier, there's never been a better time to add ISDN to your home lab. Don't just settle for trying to memorize theory - get your hands on the real deal, practice and fix your configurations, and you'll be amazed at what you learn and how well you do on your CCNA and CCNP exams!
The World Of Technology Prefers A Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer Mcse
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 482)
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In the world of technology people prefer being a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer or MCSE. It is opted as a better option than Ph.D. itself. MCSE enhances the position in an organization along with quick rise in the salary.
MCSE is a certification which increases one's confidence and knowledge and of course dedication to the information technology field. MCSE certification makes a tremendous difference in how a person is viewed in an organization. MCSE certification provides many benefits like access to technical and product information can be received directly from Microsoft along with invitation to conferences, technical training sessions and participation in special events for the individuals who earn MCSE certification from Microsoft. These individuals also have free access to Microsoft certified professional magazine, which is a career and professional development magazine.
MCSE enables to learn various skills a person would require to have. To name a few an MCSE certification teaches how to install Windows XP professional, implement and administer its resources. It also helps to monitor and troubleshoot hardware devices and driver to optimize system's performance. It gives an extended help to configure and troubleshoot desktop environment, implement, manage and troubleshoot network protocols and services as well as configure, manage and troubleshoot security.
MCSE certification also includes how to manage and maintain physical and logical devices, user's computers and groups, a server environment and access to resources as well as managing and implementing disaster recovery. It also gives an overview to implement and maintain IP addressing, name resolution, network security, routing and remote access and network infrastructure. MCSE professionals are also able to implement, manage and troubleshoot security policies. Thus MCSE certification provides and an added advantage to the professionals.
MCSE professionals also come to know about patch management, infrastructure, and security for network communications, authentications and authorization. They are also able to plan, implement and maintain server roles along with server security network infrastructure, routing and remote access and server availability.
To be an MCSE professional one should have at least one year of experience in implementing and administering a network operating system in an environment with 200 to 25000 users and five to two hundred physical locations. The environment should also provide for typical network services and applications such as messaging, database, and dial-in server, desktop management. It should have facility for web hosting and firewall or proxy server along with a connection of corporate networks to the Internet and individual offices. It should also have remote location users to the corporate office network.
In a nutshell it is for those who install, configure or troubleshoot network systems in medium to large organizations. Mainly system engineers, technical support engineers, system and network analysts prefer to have MCSE certification. This certification is one of the most coveted degrees amongst the IT professionals.
The Value Of It Certifications In Career Development
(category: Computer-Certification, Word count: 456)
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Information technology (IT) is the branch of engineering dealing with the use of computers and telecommunications, developing and maintaining systems as well as retrieving, storing and transmitting information. Therefore, any person wanting to develop a career in IT should be aware of the value of IT certifications.
Through education and certification, professionals gain the skills, knowledge, and validation needed to be recognized as an expert in diverse products or technologies. MCSE Certification, CCNA Certification, A+ Certification, and SAP Certification are just a few of the many credentials an IT professional may achieve.
Microsoft certification programs are considered to be the major advancement to gain both professional and education background. There are several Microsoft certifications currently available for both onsite or offsite training; being MCSE Certification, one of the most frequently requested certifications.
The Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) certification prove an individual's expertise in designing and implementing the required infrastructure for any type of business solutions based on the Microsoft Windows 2000 platform and Microsoft Windows Server System.
Demand for the network administration job function is another branch of IT, which has grown significantly, the same as candidates applying for this certification, particularly CCNA Certification.
The CCNA certification (Cisco Certified Network Associate) indicates a foundation in apprentice knowledge of networking with certified professionals able to install, configure, and operate WAN, LAN, and dial access services for small networks with 100 nodes or fewer
Operation and configuration services also includes but are not limited to use one but several of the following protocols: Serial, Frame Relay, IP RIP, IP, IGRP, VLANs, RIP, and Ethernet, Access Lists.
IT Certifications in career development add valuable credentials for IT professionals in a competitive industry where a certification for jobs like these is needed at the same time that learning is necessary due to the constant changing business environments
A+ Certification prove the competency of entry-level service technicians in the computer industry and it is an internationally recognized testing program sponsored by the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA)
This certification is different from the others because it is not promoted by one company only, but by a whole group of PC manufacturers and other companies in the hardware market and its acceptance as an industry-wide credential offers additional benefits.
The ultimate goal of all IT certifications is in the development of your professional career is validating a specific experience required by the network and systems administrator job role for any small, middle or large company.
SAP Certification is one of the few credentials in the world of business with additional value only issued to those professionals who demonstrated their abilities by passing demanding, process-oriented exams through rigorous study or direct experience.
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